The Low Down On Saffron
Saffron is characterised by a bitter taste and a hay-like fragrance; these are caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal.It also contains a carotenoid dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden-yellow colour. These traits make saffron a much-sought after ingredient in many foods worldwide. Saffron also has medicinal applications.
Saffron is derived from the flower of the saffron crocus. There are three stigmas in each flower. The stalk connecting the stigmas to the rest of the plant are often dried and used in cooking as a seasoning and colouring agent.
Saffron, which has for decades been the world’s most expensive spice by weight, is native to Southwest Asia. It was first cultivated around Greece. History
The history of saffron cultivation reaches back more than 3,000 years. Cultivators bred wild specimens by selecting for unusually long stigmas, as far back as the late Bronze Age. Since 700BC, documentation of saffron’s use in the treatment of around 90 illnesses has been discovered.
Saffron is used both as a spice and as a medicine in the Mediterranean region, with usage and cultivation slowly spreading over the centuries, to other parts of Eurasia as well as North Africa and North America.
There are a handful of “premium” saffron types. For example, ‘Aquila’ saffron is cultivated in the Navelli Valley, near L’Aquila, in the Abruzzo region of Italy. There, saffron is grown on just eight hectares of land. At present, this is its exclusive domain worldwide. It is distinguished by the shape and colour of its stigmas and styles as well as its high safranal content. These give ‘Aquila’ saffron an unusually pungent aroma. In addition, high crocin content results in exceptional colouring ability. ‘Aquila’ was first introduced to Italy from Inquisition-era Spain by a Dominican monk. Thereafter, for the duration of the Middle Ages, ‘Aquila’ became Europe’s most sought-after cultivars.
But in Italy the biggest saffron cultivation, for quality and quantity, is in San Gavino Monreale, Sardinia. There, saffron is grown on 40 hectares (comprising 60% of Italian production); it also has very high crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal content.
Another premium saffron is the Kashmiri “Mongra” or “Lacha” saffron, which is among the most difficult and expensive for non-Indian consumers to obtain. It is even hard for Indian consumers to obtain, as most stores in India sell the cheaper Spanish saffron. Kashmiri saffron is recognisable by its extremely dark maroon-purple hue, among the world’s darkest, which suggests the saffron’s strong flavour, aroma, and colouring effect.
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Tags: Aquila, Europe, food, Greece, India, Italy, medicinal applications, Mediterranean, Navelli Valley, North Africa, North America, Saffron, Sardinia
Filed under: Saffron
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